An international study showed that teenagers living with both parents are less likely to suffer from alcohol and drug problems but a strong maternal bond is the most effective barrier to substance abuse.

"These findings suggest that living with both parents may inhibit drug use but only if availability through peer networks is not very high," said Dr. Paul McArdle, of Newcastle University in northern England, who led the study.

"They also suggest that attachment, particularly to mothers, is a more potent inhibitor and that this is truly across cultures and substances."

The report, which is published in the journal Addiction, involved nearly 4,000 teenagers in England, Ireland, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands. They were questioned about their use of cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, LSD, tranquilizers and alcohol.

The teenagers also filled in questionnaires about their relationship with their parents and grandparents, how well they were supervised after school and whether they were allowed to meet friends at home.

"Both the quality of family relationships and the structure of families appear to be significant influences on youth drug use," McArdle said in a statement.

But he added a strong maternal bond offered the greatest protection against developing drug habits.

The rate of drug abuse among teenagers living with both parents and who had a good relationship with their mother was 16.6 percent. If either factor was missing the drug abuse rate rose to 32 percent.

More than 42 percent of teenagers living in one parent families who did not have a strong bond with their mother used drugs.

Drug prevention campaigns in British schools and on television warn teenagers about the danger of drugs and alcohol but McArdle said no one is tackling the issue of parental responsibility.

一项国际研究表明，生活在双亲家庭的青少年发生酗酒和吸毒现象的几率比较小，不过这要归功于母亲的严格管教，这可是杜绝青少年不良现象的最有效方法。

主持这项研究的是英国北部纽卡斯大学的保罗·麦卡德尔博士，他说："这些研究发现表明，如果青少年同龄人中间的毒品传播现象不是非常严重的话，生活在双亲家庭的青少年就可能杜绝吸毒现象。"

他还说："此外还说明对家庭的眷恋，特别是对母亲的依恋对于防止青少年吸毒是很有效的，而且在各种文化中都是这样的。"

这份发表在Addiction周刊上的研究报告对来自英国、爱尔兰、意大利、德国和荷兰的近4000名青少年进行了调查。这些青少年接受的调查内容包括对大麻、安非他明、兴奋剂、迷幻药、镇静剂等药物的服用和酗酒的情况。

此外，这些接受调查的青少年还填写了关于自己和父母以及祖父母关系的调查表，问题涉及的内容主要是关于放学后家人对他们的监督情况以及是否允许他们在家里接待朋友等等。

麦卡德尔在一项声明中说："家庭结构和家庭关系的质量对于青少年药物使用的影响是举足轻重的。"

但是他还补充说其中母亲的监督是最能有效防止青少年滥用禁用药品的。

在有着滥用禁用药品恶习的青少年中，生活在双亲家庭中并且和母亲关系良好的青少年只占了16.6%。然而一旦上述两个条件之中任何一个不存在了，这个数字就会上升至32%。

42%生活在单亲家庭，和母亲关系疏远的青少年存在着滥用禁用药品的现象。

英国校园和电视中的"反药品运动"对青少年提出了滥用药品和酗酒的种种危害，但是麦卡德尔说父母的作用还是最最关键的。